Business plan  I  Cost calculation  I  Financing  I  Administration  I  Marketing
Supply and Infrastructure  I  Product development  I  Business management

 Calculation of Costs                                                                                       

   Simplified sales and cost plan format                                      Year ………..

Types of direct cost:

Direct costs: Are those costs incurred in direct proportion to the volume of output or to the time spent on making a specific number of units of the product. 

Direct material costs - are all the money your business spends on the parts and materials that become part of, or are directly related to, the products or services you make or sell.  To be counted as direct material costs, the amount of material must be easy to calculate, and the cost of the material must be big enough to add a considerable amount to the total direct material costs. If this is not the case, they may be considered as indirect costs.

Direct labour costs - are all the money your business spends on wages, salaries and benefits for the people who are directly involved in the production of your products or services. The time spent on making the product must be easy to calculate, and the cost of the labour must be big enough to add a considerable amount to the total direct labour costs. If this is not the case, they may be considered as indirect costs.

Indirect costs - are all other costs that you have incurred by running your business when running your business, for example rent, interest and electricity. Indirect costs are not directly related to one particular product or service. They are sometimes called overheads or expenses.

Manufacturing cost - is the sum of direct material cost, direct labour cost and manufacturing overheads.

Non-manufacturing cost - is the sum of selling expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Factory overhead - includes costs such as auxiliary materials, factory/workshop supplies, supervision, tea for workers, depreciation of building and equipment, maintenance/repair of tools, equipment and machinery.

Administrative cost - includes costs such as salaries, depreciation (office equipment, etc), office supplies, communication, transport, insurance, rent, taxes/fees and financial charges or interest on loans.

Selling expenses - salaries, packaging, transport, allowances for sales persons, communications and promotions and miscellaneous others.

Full cost - is the sum of manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs.

         Suggested examples for direct and indirect costs

Note for the reader: categorising costs as direct and indirect is sometimes controversial. A direct cost in one enterprise may be considered as indirect cost in the other based on their size or nature.
 

Fixed costs and variable costs: Some costs vary with the volume of production or services, whilst others do not. This means that certain costs increase or decrease proportionally with the increase or decrease in production activities. These costs are called variable costs.  Fixed costs, however, do not generally change over a range of different production levels except in the long run.

Depreciation: A cost charged against fixed assets for their replacement. Fixed assets are depreciated over time to reflect the decline in value of these assets. Depreciation is a tax deductible but non-cash expense for the business and does not appear in the cash flow.

Many people are unaware of costs and waste scarce resources. Be cost conscious and think about systematic but simple cost calculation! Cost calculation is the way to calculate the total costs of making and selling a product or providing a service. How can it improve the business? Costing helps you to:

• Set prices;

• Control and reduce costs;

• Plan for the future;

• Make better decisions;

• Write a business plan to obtain a credit.

Steps of cost calculation:

     1.  Identify cost components;

     2.  Systematise costs;

     3.  Calculate variable costs;

     4.  Calculate fixed costs;

     5.  Calculate total costs per unit;

     6.  Set prices, deduct the breakeven point.

It is also important to know and identify cost components involved in your enterprise as follows:

Production: Manpower; raw materials; electricity, transport, rent, water; machinery, equipment and tools.

Management: Manpower, entrepreneur’s salary; stationery, telephone, rent, electricity, insurance; equipment.

Selling: Publicity, promotion, commissions.

Finance: Interest.

Cash-flow plan: It is a forecast which shows you how much cash you can expect to flow into your business and how much cash you expect to go flow out of your business each month. A cash flow forecast helps you make sure that your business does not run out of cash at any time. That means that it helps predict cash needed - how much money will be needed and when it will be needed - or to predict cash surplus and plan investment. A business with more cash outflow than inflow will soon get into trouble. It will not be able to pay its expenses when they fall due.

  
   Simplified cash flow format                                                      Year…………